SLAPD-SQL(5)

NAME
slapd-sql - SQL backend to slapd

SYNOPSIS
/etc/openldap/slapd.conf

DESCRIPTION
The primary purpose of this slapd(8) backend is to PRESENT information stored in some RDBMS as an LDAP subtree without any programming (some SQL and maybe stored procedures can't be considered programming, anyway ;).

That is, for example, when you (some ISP) have account information you use in an RDBMS, and want to use modern solutions that expect such information in LDAP (to authenticate users, make email lookups etc.). Or you want to synchronize or distribute information between different sites/applications that use RDBMSes and/or LDAP. Or whatever else...

It is NOT designed as a general-purpose backend that uses RDBMS instead of BerkeleyDB (as the standard BDB backend does), though it can be used as such with several limitations. You can take a look at http://www.openldap.org/faq/index.cgi?file=378 (OpenLDAP FAQ-O-Matic/General LDAP FAQ/Directories vs. conventional databases) to find out more on this point.

The idea (detailed below) is to use some metainformation to translate LDAP queries to SQL queries, leaving relational schema untouched, so that old applications can continue using it without any modifications. This allows SQL and LDAP applications to inter-operate without replication, and exchange data as needed.

The SQL backend is designed to be tunable to virtually any relational schema without having to change source (through that metainformation mentioned). Also, it uses ODBC to connect to RDBMSes, and is highly configurable for SQL dialects RDBMSes may use, so it may be used for integration and distribution of data on different RDBMSes, OSes, hosts etc., in other words, in highly heterogeneous environment.

This backend is experimental.

CONFIGURATION
These slapd.conf options apply to the SQL backend database. That is, they must follow a "database sql" line and come before any subsequent "backend" or "database" lines. Other database options are described in the slapd.conf(5) manual page.

dbname <datasource name>
    The name of the ODBC datasource to use.

dbhost <hostname>
dbuser <username>
dbpasswd <password>
    These three options are generally unneeded, because this information is already taken from the datasource. Use them if you need to override datasource settings. Also, several RDBMS' drivers tend to require explicit passing of user/password, even if those are given in datasource (Note: dbhost is currently ignored).

subtree_cond <SQL expression>
    Specifies a where-clause template used to form a subtree search condition (dn=".*<dn>"). It may differ from one SQL dialect to another (see samples).

children_cond <SQL expression>
    Specifies a where-clause template used to form a children search condition (dn=".+,<dn>"). It may differ from one SQL dialect to another (see samples).

oc_query <SQL expression>
    The default is SELECT id, name, keytbl, keycol, create_proc, delete_proc, expect_return FROM ldap_oc_mappings

at_query <SQL expression>
    The default is SELECT name, sel_expr, from_tbls, join_where, add_proc, delete_proc, param_order, expect_return FROM ldap_attr_mappings WHERE oc_map_id=?

insentry_query <SQL expression>
    The default is INSERT INTO ldap_entries (dn, oc_map_id, parent, keyval) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)

delentry_query <SQL expression>
    The default is DELETE FROM ldap_entries WHERE id=? These four options specify SQL query templates for loading schema mapping metainformation, adding and deleting entries to ldap_entries, etc. All these and subtree_cond should have the given default values. For the current value it is recommended to look at the sources, or in the log output when slapd starts with "-d 5" or greater. Note that the parameter number and order must not be changed.

upper_func <SQL function name>
    Specifies the name of a function that converts a given value to uppercase. This is used for CIS matching when the RDBMS is case sensitive.

upper_needs_cast { yes | no }
    Set this directive to yes if upper_func needs an explicit cast when applied to literal strings. The form CAST (<arg> AS VARCHAR(<max DN length>)) is used, where <max DN length> is builtin. This is experimental and may change in future releases.

concat_pattern <pattern>
    This statement defines the pattern to be used to concatenate strings. The pattern MUST contain two question marks, '?', that will be replaced by the two strings that must be concatenated. The default value is CONCAT(?,?); a form that is known to be highly portable (IBM db2, PostgreSQL) is ?||?, but an explicit cast may be required when operating on literal strings: CAST(?||? AS VARCHAR(<length>)). On some RDBMSes (IBM db2, MSSQL) the form ?+? is known to work. Carefully check the documentation of your RDBMS or stay with the examples for supported ones. This is experimental and may change in future releases.

strcast_func <SQL function name>
    Specifies the name of a function that converts a given value to a string for appropriate ordering. This is used in "SELECT DISTINCT" statements for strongly typed RDBMSes with little implicit casting (like PostgreSQL), when a literal string is specified. This is experimental and may change in future releases.

has_ldapinfo_dn_ru { yes | no }
    Explicitly inform the backend whether the SQL schema has dn_ru column (dn in reverse uppercased form) or not. Overrides automatic check (required by PostgreSQL/unixODBC). This is experimental and may change in future releases.

fail_if_no_mapping { yes | no }
    When set to yes it forces attribute write operations to fail if no appropriate mapping between LDAP attributes and SQL data is available. The default behavior is to ignore those changes that cannot be mapped correctly. It has no impact on objectClass mapping, i.e. if the structuralObjectClass of an entry cannot be mapped to SQL by looking up its name in ldap_oc_mappings, an add operation will fail regardless of the fail_if_no_mapping switch; see section "METAINFORMATION USED" for details. This is experimental and may change in future releases.

METAINFORMATION USED

Almost everything mentioned later is illustrated in examples located in the servers/slapd/back-sql/rdbms_depend/ directory in the OpenLDAP source tree, and contains scripts for generating sample database for Oracle, MS SQL Server, mySQL and more (including PostgreSQL and IBM db2).

The first thing that one must arrange is what set of LDAP object classes can present your RDBMS information.

The easiest way is to create an objectClass for each entity you had in ER-diagram when designing your relational schema. Any relational schema, no matter how normalized it is, was designed after some model of your application's domain (for instance, accounts, services etc. in ISP), and is used in terms of its entities, not just tables of normalized schema. It means that for every attribute of every such instance there is an effective SQL query that loads its values.

Also you might want your object classes to conform to some of the standard schemas like inetOrgPerson etc.

Nevertheless, when you think it out, we must define a way to translate LDAP operation requests to (a series of) SQL queries. Let us deal with the SEARCH operation.

Example: Let's suppose that we store information about persons working in our organization in two tables:

  PERSONS              PHONES
  ----------           -------------
  id integer           id integer
  first_name varchar   pers_id integer references persons(id)
  last_name varchar    phone
  middle_name varchar
  ...

(PHONES contains telephone numbers associated with persons). A person can have several numbers, then PHONES contains several records with corresponding pers_id, or no numbers (and no records in PHONES with such pers_id). An LDAP objectclass to present such information could look like this:

  person
  -------
  MUST cn
  MAY telephoneNumber $ firstName $ lastName
  ...

To fetch all values for cn attribute given person ID, we construct the query:

  SELECT CONCAT(persons.first_name,' ',persons.last_name)
      AS cn FROM persons WHERE persons.id=?

for telephoneNumber we can use:

  SELECT phones.phone AS telephoneNumber FROM persons,phones
   WHERE persons.id=phones.pers_id AND persons.id=?

If we wanted to service LDAP requests with filters like (telephoneNumber=123*), we would construct something like:

  SELECT ... FROM persons,phones
   WHERE persons.id=phones.pers_id
     AND persons.id=?
     AND phones.phone like '123%'

So, if we had information about what tables contain values for each attribute, how to join these tables and arrange these values, we could try to automatically generate such statements, and translate search filters to SQL WHERE clauses.

To store such information, we add three more tables to our schema and fill it with data (see samples):

  ldap_oc_mappings (some columns are not listed for clarity)
  ---------------
  id=1
  name="person"
  keytbl="persons"
  keycol="id"

This table defines a mapping between objectclass (its name held in the "name" column), and a table that holds the primary key for corresponding entities. For instance, in our example, the person entity, which we are trying to present as "person" objectclass, resides in two tables (persons and phones), and is identified by the persons.id column (that we will call the primary key for this entity). Keytbl and keycol thus contain "persons" (name of the table), and "id" (name of the column).

  ldap_attr_mappings (some columns are not listed for clarity)
  -----------
  id=1
  oc_map_id=1
  name="cn"
  sel_expr="CONCAT(persons.first_name,' ',persons.last_name)"
  from_tbls="persons"
  join_where=NULL
  ************
  id=<n>
  oc_map_id=1
  name="telephoneNumber"
  sel_expr="phones.phone"
  from_tbls="persons,phones"
  join_where="phones.pers_id=persons.id"

This table defines mappings between LDAP attributes and SQL queries that load their values. Note that, unlike LDAP schema, these are not attribute types - the attribute "cn" for "person" objectclass can have its values in different tables than "cn" for some other objectclass, so attribute mappings depend on objectclass mappings (unlike attribute types in LDAP schema, which are indifferent to objectclasses). Thus, we have oc_map_id column with link to oc_mappings table.

Now we cut the SQL query that loads values for a given attribute into 3 parts. First goes into sel_expr column - this is the expression we had between SELECT and FROM keywords, which defines WHAT to load. Next is table list - text between FROM and WHERE keywords. It may contain aliases for convenience (see examples). The last is part of the where clause, which (if it exists at all) expresses the condition for joining the table containing values with the table containing the primary key (foreign key equality and such). If values are in the same table as the primary key, then this column is left NULL (as for cn attribute above).

Having this information in parts, we are able to not only construct queries that load attribute values by id of entry (for this we could store SQL query as a whole), but to construct queries that load id's of objects that correspond to a given search filter (or at least part of it). See below for examples.

  ldap_entries
  ------------
  id=1
  dn=<dn you choose>
  oc_map_id=...
  parent=<parent record id>
  keyval=<value of primary key>

This table defines mappings between DNs of entries in your LDAP tree, and values of primary keys for corresponding relational data. It has recursive structure (parent column references id column of the same table), which allows you to add any tree structure(s) to your flat relational data. Having id of objectclass mapping, we can determine table and column for primary key, and keyval stores value of it, thus defining the exact tuple corresponding to the LDAP entry with this DN.

Note that such design (see exact SQL table creation query) implies one important constraint - the key must be an integer. But all that I know about well-designed schemas makes me think that it's not very narrow ;) If anyone needs support for different types for keys - he may want to write a patch, and submit it to OpenLDAP ITS, then I'll include it.

Also, several people complained that they don't really need very structured trees, and they don't want to update one more table every time they add or delete an instance in the relational schema. Those people can use a view instead of a real table for ldap_entries, something like this (by Robin Elfrink):

  CREATE VIEW ldap_entries (id, dn, oc_map_id, parent, keyval)
      AS SELECT (1000000000+userid),
  UPPER(CONCAT(CONCAT('cn=',gecos),',o=MyCompany,c=NL')),
  1, 0, userid FROM unixusers UNION
          SELECT (2000000000+groupnummer),
  UPPER(CONCAT(CONCAT('cn=',groupnaam),',o=MyCompany,c=NL')),
  2, 0, groupnummer FROM groups;

Typical SQL backend operation
Having metainformation loaded, the SQL backend uses these tables to determine a set of primary keys of candidates (depending on search scope and filter). It tries to do it for each objectclass registered in ldap_objclasses.

Example: for our query with filter (telephoneNumber=123*) we would get the following query generated (which loads candidate IDs)

  SELECT ldap_entries.id,persons.id, 'person' AS objectClass,
         ldap_entries.dn AS dn
    FROM ldap_entries,persons,phones
   WHERE persons.id=ldap_entries.keyval
     AND ldap_entries.objclass=?
     AND ldap_entries.parent=?
     AND phones.pers_id=persons.id
     AND (phones.phone LIKE '123%')

(for ONELEVEL search) or "... AND dn=?" (for BASE search) or "... AND dn LIKE '%?'" (for SUBTREE)

Then, for each candidate, we load the requested attributes using per-attribute queries like

  SELECT phones.phone AS telephoneNumber
    FROM persons,phones
   WHERE persons.id=? AND phones.pers_id=persons.id

Then, we use test_filter() from the frontend API to test the entry for a full LDAP search filter match (since we cannot effectively make sense of SYNTAX of corresponding LDAP schema attribute, we translate the filter into the most relaxed SQL condition to filter candidates), and send it to the user.

ADD, DELETE, MODIFY and MODRDN operations are also performed on per-attribute metainformation (add_proc etc.). In those fields one can specify an SQL statement or stored procedure call which can add, or delete given values of a given attribute, using the given entry keyval (see examples -- mostly ORACLE and MSSQL - since there're no stored procs in mySQL).

We just add more columns to oc_mappings and attr_mappings, holding statements to execute (like create_proc, add_proc, del_proc etc.), and flags governing the order of parameters passed to those statements. Please see samples to find out what are the parameters passed, and other information on this matter - they are self-explanatory for those familiar with concept expressed above.

Common techniques (referrals, multiclassing etc.)
First of all, let's remember that among other major differences to the complete LDAP data model, the concept above does not directly support such things as multiple objectclasses per entry, and referrals. Fortunately, they are easy to adopt in this scheme. The SQL backend suggests two more tables being added to the schema - ldap_entry_objectclasses(entry_id,oc_name), and ldap_referrals(entry_id,url).

The first contains any number of objectclass names that corresponding entries will be found by, in addition to that mentioned in mapping. The SQL backend automatically adds attribute mapping for the "objectclass" attribute to each objectclass mapping that loads values from this table. So, you may, for instance, have a mapping for inetOrgPerson, and use it for queries for "person" objectclass...

The second table contains any number of referrals associated with a given entry. The SQL backend automatically adds attribute mapping for "ref" attribute to each objectclass mapping that loads values from this table. So, if you add objectclass "referral" to this entry, and make one or more tuples in ldap_referrals for this entry (they will be seen as values of "ref" attribute), you will have slapd return a referral, as described in the Administrators Guide.

Caveats
As previously stated, this backend should not be considered a replacement of other data storage backends, but rather a gateway to existing RDBMS storages that need to be published in LDAP form.

The hasSubordintes operational attribute is honored by back-sql in search results and in compare operations; it is partially honored also in filtering. Owing to design limitations, a (braindead) filter of the form (!(hasSubordinates=TRUE)) will give no results instead of returning all the leaf entries. If you need to find all the leaf entries, please use (hasSubordinates=FALSE) instead.

EXAMPLES
There are example SQL modules in the slapd/back-sql/rdbms_depend/ directory in the OpenLDAP source tree.

FILES

/etc/openldap/slapd.conf
    default slapd configuration file

SEE ALSO
slapd.conf(5), slapd(8).